Stop 07 · TypeScript Across the StackTopics · 3/7

Generics

Part of the Full Stack Developer Roadmap

In short

You want one function that works for an array of students, courses or numbers, but still knows exactly what comes out. Generics let your types take a parameter, just like functions do.

Reusable, type-safe functions and components that work across many data types — used constantly for typing API response wrappers, hooks, and reusable UI components.

The jaadu mascot feeds sugarcane and a lemon into a juice machine as juice pours into a glass.

Think of it like this

The sugarcane juice machine

Same machine, but put in sugarcane and you get sugarcane juice, add ginger and lemon and you get that flavour. The machine doesn't change, the input decides the output. A generic function works the same: whatever type goes in decides the type that comes out.

Watch it happen

How first<T> works out its type

Call

Infer T

Fill in T

Return type

1/4You call first(["DSA", "OS"]). The function is written as first<T>(list: T[]): T | undefined.

The big ideas

What you need to know

<T> is a placeholder

T stands for 'some type, decided later'. It gets filled in when the function is called.

Links input to output

function first<T>(list: T[]): T says 'you get back the same type you put in'.

Usually inferred

Call first([1, 2]) and TypeScript works out T is number. You rarely write it by hand.

Limit with extends

<T extends { id: number }> means T can be anything, as long as it has an id.

See it in code

Walk through the code

1function first<T>(list: T[]): T | undefined {2  return list[0];3}4 5const n = first([10, 20]);        // number | undefined6const s = first(["DSA", "OS"]);   // string | undefined7 8function findById<T extends { id: number }>(items: T[], id: number) {9  return items.find((item) => item.id === id);10}11 12interface ApiResponse<T> {13  data: T;14  error: string | null;15}16const res: ApiResponse<string[]> = { data: ["BCA"], error: null };

1/4T is a placeholder. Whatever the array holds, the result is that same type, or undefined.

findById works for students, courses or anything with an id, and still returns the exact type you passed in.

Save yourself the pain

Common mistakes

Oops

Writing (list: any[]): any and losing the type of what comes out.

Do this instead

Use a generic <T> so the return type matches the input.

Oops

Adding generics where a simple type would do.

Do this instead

If the type never changes, skip the generic. Use one when the input type should flow into the output.

Your mission

Write your own generic helpers

~25 min

Quick check

const x = first([true, false]); with first<T>(list: T[]): T | undefined. What's the type of x?

Go deeper

1Write a generic `ApiResponse<T>` type wrapping your API's success/error responses.
2Build a generic `useFetch<T>` hook that returns typed data.
3Learn generic constraints to restrict what types are allowed.